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How do only certain cells respond to particular signaling molecules that may be sent throughout the body? see section 11.3 ( page 244) . how do only certain cells respond to particular signaling molecules that may be sent throughout the body? see section 11.3 ( page 244) . they express the appropriate second messenger(s). they express the appropriate receptor. they express the ras protein. they express the appropriate g protein?

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Diatonic254

The answer is ‘They express the appropriate receptor.’ Cells have different receptors on their surface that bind to specific extracellular molecules just as immune cells recognize specific antigens or epitope by use of specific receptors or immunoglobulins. An example is that cells that respond to insulin hormone are those that have insulin receptors. When the receptors have bound these molecules, their resulting conformational change results in activation of secondary messengers inside of the cell.   

The cells have specific receptors on their membrane for different molecules. A particular signaling molecule links to a cell-specific for its receptor and helps in processing the further.

Further Explanation:

A cell communicates with its surroundings through cell signaling which governs various cellular activities and also regulates different actions of the cell. The receipt and response to a particular signal are accomplished by a signaling molecule. This molecule is expressed on the surface of a particular cell and binds to the receptor present on the surface of some other cell. For example, insulin is the signaling molecule specific for the insulin receptor.

The following steps are involved in extracellular signaling pathway:

  1. The signaling cell produces and secretes the signaling molecule.
  2. The transfer of signaling molecule to the target cell.
  3. The signaling molecule attaches to its specific receptor.
  4. This results in the activation of the signal transduction pathway.

The receptors are present on the cell as transmembrane proteins and bind to ligand or signaling molecules on the outside. This binding, in turn, passes the signal to the cell interior with the help of a series of molecular switches. There are three major classes of membrane receptors namely ion channel receptors, G-protein-coupled receptor, and enzyme-linked receptors. These receptors transmit signal through opening ion channel, protein action, and activation of enzyme, respectively and are named based on the mechanism they follow for signal transmission. The membrane receptors communicate both with the extracellular ligand and the molecules at cell interior for the integration of cell function but do not actually enter the cell.

There are some other receptors which reside inside the cell and interact with molecules like gases and hormones which can traverse the cell membrane. On receiving a signal, a conformational change takes place in a receptor which results in the activation of various biochemical reactions inside the cell.

Learn more:

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Answer Details:

Grade: Higher secondary

Subject: Biology

Chapter: Cell signaling and Communication

Keywords:

Cell signaling, receptor, a transmembrane protein, signaling molecule, ligand, signal transduction, extracellular signal, transduction pathway, ion channel receptor, enzyme-linked receptor, G-protein-coupled receptor.

 

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