a security control is a technical or nontechnical mechanism that enforces an organization's security policy.

Analyzing the controls that the organization has put in place or plans to put in place to reduce or eliminate the likelihood (or probability) of a threat exploiting a system vulnerability is the aim of this stage.

Both technological and nontechnical techniques can be used as security controls. Safeguards known as technical controls are built into computer hardware, software, or firmware (e.g., access control mechanisms, identification and authentication mechanisms, encryption methods, intrusion detection software). Management and operational controls, such as security policies, operational practices, and environmental, physical, and people security, are examples of nontechnical controls.

Technical and nontechnical control methods can be further divided into preventative and investigative control categories. The following details these two subcategories:

• Preventive controls, which include measures like access control enforcement, encryption, and authentication, deter attempts to breach security policy.

• Detective controls, which include audit trails, intrusion detection techniques, and checksums, alert to violations or attempted violations of security policy.

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