The molecular dipole of the ozone molecule can be attributed to the geometry of the molecule, especially the lone pair electrons on the central atom.
A molecule, as a charge distribution, may have a permanent electric dipole, a vector known as the molecular dipole. The size of this dipole, known as the molecular dipole moment, indicates the polarity of the molecule; in other words, the dipole moment measures the amount of charge separation in a molecule.
Polarity is typically explained in chemistry by the presence of electronegative and/or electropositive atoms in the molecule. Electrons are drawn to electronegative atoms, while electrons are donated to electropositive atoms. These are semi-quantitative concepts, and different scales for electronegativity and electropositivity of chemical elements are used, resulting in varying values of molecular dipole moments.
However, all scales predict the same dipole direction. The direction of the dipole vector is from negative to positive charge for physicists and from positive to negative charge for many chemists. In the physics convention, the figure depicts the dipole moment of water.
Molecular dipole moments can be measured experimentally using microwave spectroscopy and dielectric constant measurements as a function of temperature. Quantum chemical methods can compute dipole moments reliably for smaller molecules.
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