Gresham Sykes identified the pains of imprisonment as an opportunist that prisoners experience.
Sykes (1958/2007) argued that five basic deprivations characterize prison life, collectively known as "prisoners' distress". These were the loss of freedom, desirable goods and services, heterosexual relationships, autonomy, and security.
"Incarceration pain" is one of the most important concepts in the sociology of incarceration. First introduced by Gresham Sykes in 1958, it has since been taken up by generations of writers and applied to an increasingly diverse range of contexts, populations, and activities.
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