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Cell cycle The series of growth and development steps a cell undergoes between its formation and reproduction
Interphase Phase of the cell cycle where the cell grows and makes a copy of its DNA
Mitosis Phase of the cell cycle where the cell separates its DNA into two sets and divides, forming two new cells
Cancer A disease of uncontrolled cell growth
The cell cycle
In eukaryotic cells, the cell cycle is divided into two major phases: interphase and mitosis (or the mitotic (M) phase).
Interphase is the longest part of the cell cycle. This is when the cell grows and copies its DNA before moving into mitosis. During mitosis, chromosomes will align, separate, and move into new daughter cells.
The prefix inter- means between, so interphase takes place between one mitotic (M) phase and the next.
Image of the cell cycle. Interphase is composed of G1 phase (cell growth), followed by S phase (DNA synthesis), followed by G2 phase (cell growth). At the end of interphase comes the mitotic phase, which is made up of mitosis and cytokinesis and leads to the formation of two daughter cells. Mitosis precedes cytokinesis, though the two processes typically overlap somewhat.
Image of the cell cycle. Interphase is composed of G1 phase (cell growth), followed by S phase (DNA synthesis), followed by G2 phase (cell growth). At the end of interphase comes the mitotic phase, which is made up of mitosis and cytokinesis and leads to the formation of two daughter cells. Mitosis precedes cytokinesis, though the two processes typically overlap somewhat.
Image credit: "The cell cycle: Figure 1" by OpenStax College, Biology (CC BY 3.0).
Interphase
Interphase consists of three steps:
G_1
1
start subscript, 1, end subscript phase: first gap phase; the cell grows larger and organelles are copied
S phase: synthesis phase; the cell synthesizes a complete copy of the DNA in its nucleus
G_2
2
start subscript, 2, end subscript phase: second gap phase; the cell grows more, makes proteins and organelles, and begins to reorganize its contents in preparation for mitosis
Cells that are meant to divide will complete G_2
2
start subscript, 2, end subscript and enter mitosis. Other types of cells that divide slowly or not at all may exit the G_1
1
start subscript, 1, end subscript phase and enter a non-dividing state called G_0
0
start subscript, 0, end subscript. Some cells remain here indefinitely, while others may re-enter division under the right conditions.
Mitosis (the M phase)
The process of mitosis, or cell division, is also known as the M phase. This is where the cell divides its previously-copied DNA and cytoplasm to make two new, identical daughter cells.
Mitosis consists of four basic phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Stages of mitosis
Early prophase. The mitotic spindle starts to form, the chromosomes start to condense, and the nucleolus disappears.
Early prophase. The mitotic spindle starts to form, the chromosomes start to condense, and the nucleolus disappears.
Late prophase (prometaphase). The nuclear envelope breaks down and the chromosomes are fully condensed.
Late prophase (prometaphase). The nuclear envelope breaks down and the chromosomes are fully condensed.
Metaphase. Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate, under tension from the mitotic spindle. The two sister chromatids of each chromosome are captured by microtubules from opposite spindle poles.
Metaphase. Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate, under tension from the mitotic spindle. The two sister chromatids of each chromosome are captured by microtubules from opposite spindle poles.
