Answer: D) the validity effect
Explanation: The validity effect can be Simply defined as the increase in perceived validity of a statement when one is continuously been exposed to such statements, i.e the more an individual comes across a statement the more he or she is likely to believe it.
Nicholas did not believe the rumor about his principle at first but the more he comes across the rumor, the more he begins to believe it, this is a good illustration of validity effect.
