Journalist Walter Lippmann suggested thata) Polling, even when done scientifically, cannot be trusted because it is in people's nature to be dishonest in response to political questions.b) The dominance of polling has brought about an ideological shift toward the more radical ends of the political spectrum among elected representatives.c) Polling had provided political parties with even more entrenched power, reducing the influence of third party candidates.d) Effective government cannot be run by politicians that base their public opinions on poll results.e) Pollsters have more effect on the outcome of presidential elections in recent decades than have the people who do the voting.