Valerie has been caught cheating on her Sociology exam. The professor decides to have her write a 1,000 word essay on the ethics of not cheating on exams so that she does not receive a zero on the exam and may retake a different version later. Valerie is being taught that her culture values honesty and hard work by experiencing:a. Positive Sanctions b. Negative Sanctions c. Culture Shock d. Informal Sanctions e. Ethnocentrism

A negative sanction is a punishment or threat of punishment used to enforce conformity . The more important the norm is to social stability, the more serious the negative sanction. Examples of negative sanctions are frowns, ridicule, rejection, fines, and imprisonment .

Both positive and negative sanctions preserve existing behavior. Through rewards and punishments. Cultural norms, values and ideas are preserved when we are receive positive or negative feedback for our actions.