Which of the following constitutes both a breach of confidentiality (the research data have been disclosed, counter to the agreement between researcher and subjects) and a violation of subjects' privacy (the right of the individuals to be protected against intrusion into their personal lives or affairs)?


A researcher, who is a guest, audio-records conversations at a series of private dinner parties to assess gender roles, without informing participants.


In order to eliminate the effect of observation on behavior, a researcher attends a support group and records interactions without informing the attendees.


A faculty member makes identifiable data about sexual behavior available to graduate students, although the subjects were assured that the data would be de-identified.


A researcher asks cocaine users to provide names and contact information of other cocaine users who might qualify for a study.

Respuesta :

The correct answer is:   [C]:

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        " A faculty member makes identifiable data about sexual behavior available to graduate students, although the subjects were assured that the data would be de-identified. "

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The correct answer is, "A faculty member makes identifiable data about sexual behavior available to graduate students, although the subjects were assured the data would be de-identified."

The faculty member ensured the students that the data would be de-identified, but it was not. This breaks the confidentiality agreement between the faculty member and the students. The information was to remain confidential. It also is a violation into the subjects' privacy as everyone now became aware of their sexual behavior.

The others are mostly violation of privacy, because there was no agreement of confidentiality made.