Ghana fell cause of possibly due to an Almoravid invasion.
Mali’s downfall was because around the 1400’s their empire was starting to lose control around the edges of the border. In the 1500’s the Songhai empire was in power. the whole thing came to an end when Mansa Muhmud IV.
Songhais downfall was around 1590 when
al-Mansur took advantage of the civil strife (which was honestly really recent) in the empire. He sent an army out to take control of Songhai and also gain control of of the Trans-Saharan trade routes. After the defeat at the battle of Tondibi in 1591. the Songhai empire ended falling
