The unprecedented shift to remote learning during the Covid-19 pandemic offered a chance to learn about student experiences and needs and possible future trends in unit design. An educator set out to understand the impact of remote learning and assumed that 46% of students would report their studies in the new situation (online) is the same as in the face-to-face context.

In a random sample of 40 university students, 20 rated their overall learning in the virtual format as on par with the face-to-face learning.

Research Question: Has the proportion of students reporting an equal preference for online and face-to-face learning changed due to the Covid-19 pandemic?

Instead of focussing on the proportion of university students reporting the same learning experience in online and face-to-face contexts, we shift our attention to the variable X: the number of university students who reported the same learning experience in online and face-to-face contexts.

1A. Assuming the hypothesised value holds, what are the expected numbers of university students who reported the same learning experience in online and face-to-face contexts?

1B. What are the degrees of freedom associated with this hypothesis test?

1C. What is the value of the test statistic associated with this hypothesis test?