In a hypothetical cross-sectional study, marriage was found to be strongly associated with increased levels of happiness. Authors concluded that marriage was a cause of happiness. However, a reviewer of this study argued that because it is a cross-sectional study, it could not be determined whether marriage caused happiness or happiness caused marriage. What criterion of causal relationships was not met in the study according to the reviewer?
A. Strength of association
B. Biologic plausibility
C. Dose response
D. Temporal relationship
E. Replication of findings